Safe Practices for Hanging Stage Lighting Fixtures: A Standards-Based Approach

Hanging stage lighting fixtures involves complex rigging operations requiring systematic planning, qualified personnel, and strict adherence to safety standards. Improper procedures create severe hazards, including equipment failures, falling objects, and personnel injuries. This guide provides administrators and technical directors with comprehensive, standards-based procedures ensuring safe lighting installation operations.

Regulatory and Standards Framework

Multiple standards and regulations govern theatrical lighting installation:

ANSI E1.4-1-2022: Manual Counterweight Rigging Systems establishes design, installation, inspection, operation, and maintenance requirements for counterweight rigging systems commonly used for hanging lighting (American National Standards Institute, 2022a).

ANSI E1.46-2018 (R2023): Design and Execution of Secondary Means of Suspension for Entertainment Technology specifies requirements for safety cables and other secondary suspension systems preventing equipment falls (American National Standards Institute, 2018).

OSHA 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D: Walking-Working Surfaces addresses fall hazards in general industry workplaces, which typically applies to theaters in ongoing operations rather than construction standards.

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147: The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) requires energy isolation procedures when servicing or maintaining equipment where unexpected energization could cause injury.

OSHA General Duty Clause (29 USC 654(a)(1)) requires employers to provide workplaces free from recognized hazards likely to cause death or serious physical harm.

Understanding and implementing these standards is non-negotiable for safe operations.

Competent and Qualified Personnel Requirements

OSHA distinguishes between “competent person” and “qualified person,” with different requirements for each designation.

Competent Person for Rigging Operations

For general rigging operations, OSHA requires a competent person—someone capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in surroundings or working conditions that are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them (29 CFR 1926.32(f), principles applicable to general industry).

Competent Person Criteria for Lighting Installation

Personnel hanging stage lighting must demonstrate:

Technical Knowledge:

• Load calculation methods and working load limits
• ANSI E1.4-1 counterweight system operation and safety requirements
• ANSI E1.46 secondary suspension requirements
• Proper use of theatrical hardware and load ratings
• Fall hazard recognition and control measures
• Lockout/tagout procedures when applicable
• Emergency procedures for equipment failures or personnel injuries

Documented Training:

• Completion of rigging safety training program covering ANSI E1.4-1 principles
• Manufacturer-specific training for equipment being used
• Demonstrated competency through practical examination
• Documentation of training completion and competency verification

Experience:

• Supervised rigging operations demonstrating progressive responsibility
• Documentation of completed rigging projects under supervision
• Reference verification from experienced supervisors or qualified persons

Desirable Credentials (Not Required):

• ETCP Theatre Rigger certification (demonstrates comprehensive knowledge of industry standards)
• OSHA 10-hour or 30-hour General Industry safety training
• First Aid/CPR certification

Administrators must verify and document competent person status before authorizing rigging operations. Documentation should include training records, competency evaluations, and supervisor verification of capability.

Qualified Person for Engineering and Design

For structural engineering determinations, load capacity verification, and rigging system design, OSHA requires a qualified person—someone who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter and work.

Qualified persons for rigging systems typically include:

• Professional Engineers (PE) with structural engineering credentials
• Manufacturer-authorized rigging system designers
• Individuals with engineering degrees and extensive theatrical rigging experience

Pre-Work Planning: Essential First Steps

Before any fixtures are handled, competent personnel must complete comprehensive pre-work planning:

1. Review Load Plot and Calculate Batten Loads

Load plot review:

• Identify all fixtures, cables, and accessories to be hung on target batten
• Calculate total weight including fixtures, clamps, safety cables, and cable runs
• Verify fixture specifications for weight, mounting requirements, and power consumption

Load calculation:

• Sum all component weights for total batten load
• Compare total load to batten working load limit
• Calculate required counterweight (for counterweight systems)
• Verify arbor capacity is adequate for required counterweight
• Document calculations and retain in rigging records

Critical: ANSI E1.4-1-2022 Section 4.4 requires that loads not exceed the working load limit, which incorporates an 8:1 design factor applied to the batten and rigging system’s ultimate strength. The working load limit is the maximum load that should ever be applied to the system during normal operations.

2. Verify Equipment Availability and Condition

Required equipment inventory:

• Appropriate quantity of rated lighting clamps with stamped working load limits
• Safety cables meeting ANSI E1.46 requirements
• Wrenches or drivers for clamp installation
• Circuit testers and labeling materials
• Fall protection equipment if work conditions require it
• Ladders or lifts rated for personnel and equipment load
• Communication equipment (headsets, radios)

Pre-use inspection:

• Inspect all clamps for cracks, deformation, thread damage, or excessive wear
• Verify clamps are stamped with working load limits
• Inspect safety cables for broken strands, kinks, corrosion, or termination damage
• Verify batten operates smoothly without binding or unusual sounds
• Check counterweight arbor for damage or obstruction (if applicable)
• Inspect sheaves and wire rope per ANSI E1.4-1 Section 6.3 requirements

Defective equipment must be removed from service immediately and tagged as unusable.

3. Establish Drop Zone and Clear Personnel

Before lowering any batten:

• Establish clearly marked drop zone beneath batten travel path
• Post signage or barriers preventing entry during rigging operations
• Communicate to all personnel that rigging operations are commencing
• Verify all personnel are clear of drop zone
• Designate spotter to maintain drop zone security during operations

Critical safety rule: No personnel below rigging operations at any time.

4. Implement Lockout/Tagout (When Required)

Lockout/tagout under OSHA 1910.147 applies primarily when servicing or maintaining equipment where unexpected energization, start-up, or release of stored energy could cause injury. For counterweight rigging systems:

Lockout/tagout typically required when:

• Performing maintenance on counterweight system components
• Inspecting or repairing mechanical systems (sheaves, arbors, locks)
• Working on electrical systems integrated with motorized rigging
• Conditions exist where accidental movement could injure personnel

Lockout/tagout generally NOT required for:

• Routine loading and unloading of battens by trained competent personnel
• Standard lighting hang operations following established procedures
• Operations where the competent person maintains positive control

When lockout/tagout is required:

• Identify energy isolation points (locking rail locks, arbor position locks, power disconnects for motorized systems)
• Apply locks and tags identifying authorized personnel
• Verify system cannot be moved inadvertently
• Document lockout in facility log
• Remove locks only by authorized personnel after work completion

Consult with qualified safety professional or rigging engineer to develop facility-specific lockout/tagout procedures addressing when the practice applies to your rigging operations.

5. Confirm Communication Systems

Before operations begin:

• Test radios or headsets for all personnel
• Establish verbal/visual signals for batten movement
• Designate single person with batten movement authority (“deck chief” or lead technician)
• Brief all personnel on communication protocols
• Establish emergency stop signal

Batten Lowering Procedures

Counterweight Systems

Operating procedures per ANSI E1.4-1-2022:

1. Verify all personnel clear of drop zone and informed of batten movement
2. Unlock locking rail (if engaged)
3. Control descent using purchase line, maintaining controlled speed
4. Lower batten to working height
5. Lock batten at working height using locking rail or arbor locks
6. Verify batten is secure before approaching
7. Tag batten as “in use” to prevent unauthorized movement

Working height determination:

The optimal working height allows personnel to safely install fixtures while minimizing fall hazards:

• Deck level or low working height preferred: Allows work from floor, minimizing fall exposure
• Elevated work platforms: When deck-level access is impractical, use proper work platforms (rolling scaffolds, personnel lifts) rather than ladders for extended work
• Ladder use: Limit ladder use to brief tasks; follow ANSI A14 ladder safety standards and OSHA 1910.23 requirements

Fall protection considerations: While OSHA 1910.23 addresses walking-working surfaces and fall hazards, specific height triggers vary by situation. Fixed ladders require fall protection systems at 24 feet and above (post-2018 amendments). For theatrical rigging work, focus on eliminating fall hazards through proper work platform selection rather than relying on fall protection equipment. Consult with safety professionals to determine appropriate fall protection measures for your specific facility and operations.

Motorized Systems

Operating procedures for powered rigging:

1. Verify all personnel clear of drop zone
2. Use designated control station (may require key or supervisor authorization)
3. Lower batten at controlled speed using motor controls
4. Stop batten at working height
5. Apply mechanical locks or brakes (if equipped)
6. If maintenance work will be performed, implement lockout/tagout per OSHA 1910.147 and facility procedures
7. Tag batten as “in use – do not operate”

Critical: Motorized systems must never be operated with personnel in drop zone. Stop-and-check procedures required.

Fixture Mounting Hardware Requirements

Theatrical Lighting Clamps

Proper clamp selection prevents fixture falls:

Requirements per industry standards:

Working Load Limit (WLL) Rating:

• Clamp WLL must meet or exceed fixture weight
• WLL must be permanently stamped or labeled on clamp body
• WLL already incorporates appropriate safety factor (typically 5:1); do not attempt to apply additional safety factors
• Unmarked or homemade clamps are prohibited

Design Specifications:

• Designed specifically for theatrical pipe mounting (not hardware store C-clamps)
• Appropriate for batten diameter (typically 1.5″ schedule 40 pipe)
• Proper thread engagement (minimum 6 threads engaged under load)
• Bolt grade appropriate for application (typically Grade 5 or higher)

Common theatrical clamp types:

• Pipe clamp (C-clamp): Traditional clamp with bolt passing through fixture yoke
• Half-coupler: Wraps batten and attaches via bolt to fixture or truss
• Wrap-around clamp: Secures to batten via wrapped strap mechanism

Installation procedures:

1. Position clamp on batten at desired fixture location
2. Align fixture yoke with clamp bolt hole
3. Insert bolt through yoke and clamp
4. Hand-tighten bolt ensuring proper thread engagement
5. Use appropriate wrench to tighten bolt securely (follow manufacturer torque specifications if provided; otherwise tighten firmly without over-torquing and damaging threads)
6. Verify fixture is secure and cannot rotate unintentionally
7. Tighten set screw or locking mechanism (if equipped)

Inspection during installation:

• Visual inspection for cracks, especially at stress points
• Thread condition (damaged threads indicate replacement required)
• Bolt condition (bent, stripped, or damaged bolts must be replaced)

Example: A fixture weighing 25 lbs requires a clamp with WLL of 25 lbs or greater. A clamp stamped “WLL 50 lbs” is appropriate. Do not attempt to calculate additional safety factors beyond the stamped WLL—the manufacturer has already incorporated appropriate safety factors into the rating.

Safety Cables: Secondary Means of Suspension

ANSI E1.46-2018 (R2023) establishes requirements for safety cables preventing fixture falls if primary attachment fails.

Safety Cable Specifications:

Breaking Strength: Industry practice typically uses 1/8″ diameter 7×19 aircraft cable with approximately 1,800 lb breaking strength, yielding working load limit of approximately 360 lbs when applying 5:1 safety factor.

Construction:

• Galvanized aircraft cable (7×7 or 7×19 construction typical)
• Proper terminations (crimped loops with thimbles, NOT knots)
• Attachment hardware rated for cable breaking strength

Length: Sufficient to reach attachment points with minimal slack but short enough to limit fall distance to 6 inches or less (minimizes shock loading if primary support fails)

Installation Procedures:

1. Attach one end to fixture using designated safety cable attachment point (typically captive loop or eye-bolt on yoke)
2. Route cable to avoid interference with pan/tilt movement or beam path
3. Attach second end to batten at structural point:
   • Wrap around batten and secure to cable itself using appropriately sized cable clamp
   • Attach to rated attachment point if provided on batten
   • Never attach to primary clamp bolt (defeats secondary suspension purpose—the safety cable must be independent)
4. Verify cable has minimal slack but allows full fixture movement
5. Inspect both terminations for proper seating and security

Critical Requirements:

• Every fixture must have dedicated safety cable attached independently to batten
• Safety cables attach to structural components, not accessories or unrated hardware
• Safety cable attachment must be independent from primary support (attaching to the same bolt as primary clamp defeats the purpose)
• Inspect safety cables during routine checks and during monthly rigging system inspections
• Replace cables showing broken strands, kinking, or termination damage immediately

Load Distribution and Batten Capacity

Proper load distribution requires understanding batten capacity limits and load calculation principles.

Batten Load Capacity Determination

Required information:

• Batten working load limit (from rigging system documentation or qualified engineer)
• Counterweight arbor capacity (for counterweight systems)
• Point load limitations at specific batten locations (if applicable)

Understanding Working Load Limit: Per ANSI E1.4-1-2022, the working load limit is the maximum load that should be applied to a rigging system component during use. It incorporates an 8:1 design factor for manual counterweight systems, meaning the system’s ultimate strength is 8 times the working load limit.

Example:

Batten working load limit (from system documentation): 500 lbs

This batten can safely support up to 500 lbs total load including all fixtures, clamps, cables, and accessories. The underlying structure has ultimate strength of approximately 4,000 lbs (500 × 8), but you must never exceed the 500 lb working load limit.

Load Distribution Principles

Objectives:

• Never exceed total batten working load limit
• Avoid excessive point loads causing batten deflection or damage
• Maintain balanced load for counterweight system operation (if applicable)
• Prevent interference between adjacent fixtures

Distribution guidelines:

Calculate point loads: Weight at each clamp position

Space fixtures appropriately:

• Maintain minimum spacing preventing lens/barn door contact
• Consider cable routing and connection accessibility
• Allow clearance for pan/tilt movement and focus adjustment

Balance loads on counterweight systems:

• Extremely unbalanced loads may create operational difficulties
• Very heavy fixtures concentrated at batten ends may exceed local stress limits
• Consult rigging system documentation or qualified engineer if load distribution raises concerns

Document load calculations:

• Create written record of batten load calculation
• Include fixture weights, quantities, and positions
• Verify total load remains at or below working load limit
• Retain documentation in rigging files

When total load exceeds single batten capacity, distribute across multiple battens or reduce fixture count. Never exceed working load limits.

Manufacturer Guidelines and Equipment Specifications

Every lighting fixture includes manufacturer specifications establishing safe operating parameters.

Critical specifications:

Weight: Fixture weight determines clamp and cable requirements

Mounting requirements: Specifies acceptable mounting orientations and clamp types

Safety cable attachment: Identifies approved attachment points for secondary suspension

Electrical specifications: Power consumption, voltage, maximum ambient temperature

Operational limitations: Maximum tilt angles, minimum clearances, ventilation requirements

Failure to follow manufacturer specifications:

• Voids equipment warranties
• Creates liability exposure if failures occur
• May violate OSHA General Duty Clause if known hazards are ignored

Maintain accessible library of manufacturer specifications for all equipment in inventory.

Inspection Requirements

ANSI E1.4-1-2022 Section 6 establishes comprehensive inspection requirements for rigging systems.

Pre-Use Inspection (Daily/Per Show)

Performed by: Competent personnel operating rigging system

Inspection scope:

• Visual inspection of batten for straightness and damage
• Safety cable attachment verification at both ends
• Clamp security check
• Fixture focus lock verification
• Circuit functionality testing
• Any changes from previous known condition

Documentation: Log significant findings; routine “satisfactory” inspections may use simplified documentation

Monthly Inspection

Performed by: Competent person with rigging inspection training

Inspection scope per ANSI E1.4-1 Section 6.3:

• Complete batten system visual inspection
• Wire rope inspection for broken wires, wear, kinks, corrosion
• Hardware inspection for cracks, deformation, wear
• Sheave groove wear assessment
• Counterweight arbor inspection
• Locking rail and brake functionality
• Clamp and safety cable population/condition
• Load documentation review and accuracy verification

Documentation: Written inspection report with findings, recommendations, and corrective actions required

Retention: Maintain records per ANSI E1.4-1 recommendations and facility policy

Annual Comprehensive Inspection

Performed by: Qualified rigging inspector or professional engineer with theatrical rigging expertise. ETCP Theatre Rigger certification demonstrates industry-recognized competency for this role.

Inspection scope:

• All monthly inspection items with enhanced detail
• Structural support point inspection
• Load testing if structural concerns identified
• Comparison to original design specifications
• Compliance verification with current ANSI E1.4-1 requirements
• Recommendations for system upgrades or component replacement

Deliverable: Comprehensive written report with photos documenting conditions, compliance status, and prioritized corrective action recommendations

Component Replacement Criteria

ANSI E1.4-1 wire rope retirement criteria (Section 6.3.2):

• Six randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay
• Three broken wires in one strand in one rope lay
• Wear exceeding one-third original diameter of outside wires
• Kinking, crushing, bird-caging, or core protrusion
• Heat damage or electric arc damage
• Corrosion causing surface pitting or roughness
• Reduction of rope diameter below specified tolerances

Safety cable retirement (ANSI E1.46 principles):

• Any broken strands visible
• Kinking or bird-caging
• Termination damage or deformation
• Corrosion exceeding light surface oxidation

Hardware replacement:

• Cracks at any location
• Thread damage preventing proper engagement
• Deformation affecting load-bearing capacity
• Loss of WLL markings preventing capacity verification

Replace components immediately when retirement criteria are met. Do not attempt repairs on load-bearing components.

Safety Checklist for Lighting Installation

Comprehensive checklists ensure systematic verification of safety-critical items.

Pre-Work Checklist

☐ Load plot reviewed and total batten load calculated
☐ Batten working load limit verified and not exceeded by planned load
☐ Drop zone established and marked
☐ All personnel briefed on operation and cleared from drop zone
☐ Communication systems tested and functional
☐ Required equipment inventory complete and inspected
☐ Competent person designated and present
☐ Lockout/tagout implemented if required for maintenance activities
☐ Emergency procedures reviewed

Installation Checklist (Per Fixture)

☐ Clamp WLL verified adequate for fixture weight
☐ Clamp inspected for damage before use
☐ Clamp properly positioned and secured on batten
☐ Fixture secured to clamp with proper bolt engagement
☐ Safety cable attached to fixture at designated point
☐ Safety cable routed to avoid interference
☐ Safety cable attached independently to batten structure (not to primary clamp bolt)
☐ Safety cable inspected for proper terminations
☐ Circuit connected and labeled
☐ Fixture positioned per plot
☐ Focus locks engaged
☐ Clearance verified to adjacent fixtures

Post-Installation Checklist (Before Raising Batten)

☐ All fixtures installed per plot
☐ Total batten load verified within working load limit
☐ All safety cables attached and inspected
☐ All clamps secure
☐ All circuits tested and functional
☐ All focus locks engaged
☐ No tools or equipment left on batten
☐ Load calculation documented
☐ Personnel clear of drop zone
☐ Spotter in position
☐ Communication established

Operational Checklist (Before Each Use)

☐ Visual inspection of batten position and fixtures
☐ Safety cables visually verified in place
☐ No obvious damage or changes to installation
☐ Circuits tested and functional
☐ Communication systems operational
☐ Any concerns documented and addressed

Emergency Procedures

Despite proper procedures, equipment failures or accidents may occur requiring immediate response.

Fixture Fall During Installation

Immediate actions:

1. Call “STOP” – freeze all operations
2. Evacuate drop zone if not already clear
3. Account for all personnel and check for injuries
4. Secure batten position (lock if not already locked)
5. If injuries occurred, call 911 and render first aid
6. Do not approach fallen fixture until area is assessed for additional hazards (electrical, sharp edges, overhead stability)

Investigation and corrective action:

1. Document scene with photos before disturbing
2. Identify failure mode (clamp failure, safety cable failure, other)
3. Inspect all similar hardware on batten for common failure indicators
4. Remove failed components from service and tag as defective
5. Complete incident report documenting circumstances, injuries, and corrective actions
6. Report to insurance carrier and OSHA if recordable injury occurred (hospitalization, amputation, loss of eye, or fatality requires reporting within specified timeframes)
7. Review procedures with all personnel identifying lessons learned

Batten Becomes Stuck or Jammed

Response procedures:

1. Stop attempting to move batten immediately
2. Secure batten in current position if possible
3. Clear personnel from below
4. Assess situation (obstruction, mechanical binding, wire rope jam)
5. Do not force batten movement
6. Contact competent rigging technician or qualified engineer for assessment
7. Resolve underlying cause before resuming operations

Personnel Injury During Rigging

Emergency response:

1. Call “STOP” immediately
2. Do not move injured person unless immediate danger exists
3. Call 911 for serious injuries
4. Render first aid per training
5. Secure hazardous equipment preventing further incidents
6. Maintain scene for investigation
7. Complete incident reporting per OSHA and facility requirements

Administrative Responsibilities

Administrators bear ultimate responsibility for ensuring rigging safety regardless of operational delegation.

Essential administrative functions:

1. Verify competent personnel are designated for all rigging operations

• Review training documentation
• Verify demonstrated competency through practical evaluation
• Consider ETCP or equivalent certifications as evidence of comprehensive knowledge (recommended but not required)
• Document competent person designations in writing

2. Ensure inspection programs are implemented and documented

• Monthly inspection schedules established
• Annual comprehensive inspections by qualified inspectors or engineers
• Inspection documentation retained per ANSI E1.4-1 recommendations and facility policy
• Deficiencies addressed promptly with documented corrective actions

3. Maintain equipment inventory and specifications

• Manufacturer documentation for all fixtures and hardware
• Load ratings for all clamps, cables, and rigging components
• Batten working load limit documentation for all rigging positions
• Replacement schedules for consumable components

4. Budget appropriately for safety compliance

• Annual rigging inspections by qualified professionals
• Component replacement reserves
• Personnel training and professional development
• Emergency equipment and safety systems

5. Establish and enforce written safety procedures

• Standard operating procedures for rigging operations
• Lockout/tagout procedures (when applicable to maintenance activities)
• Emergency response protocols
• Incident reporting requirements

6. Maintain liability insurance with appropriate coverage

• Verify coverage includes rigging operations
• Confirm policy limits are adequate
• Understand exclusions and compliance requirements

7. Engage qualified professionals for system design and major modifications

• Professional Engineer review for structural questions
• Manufacturer consultation for system modifications
• Qualified inspector review following significant changes

Conclusion

Safe theatrical lighting installation requires integration of technical knowledge, proper equipment, competent personnel, and systematic procedures based on established standards. Generic “be safe” advice is insufficient for operations involving overhead loads and life-safety implications.

Administrators must ensure:

• Competent personnel perform rigging operations with documented training and demonstrated capability
• Load calculations precede all installations and verify working load limits are not exceeded
• Equipment meets ANSI specifications with proper WLL ratings and is properly maintained
• Inspection programs comply with ANSI E1.4-1 requirements
• Documentation systems capture required records
• Budgets support safety compliance requirements

The standards and procedures outlined in this guide represent industry minimum requirements. Site-specific conditions may require additional safeguards established in consultation with qualified engineers or safety professionals.

Commitment to systematic, standards-based safety procedures protects personnel, audiences, and institutions while building sustainable theater programs that serve communities for decades.

Resources

ANSI E1.4-1-2022: Manual Counterweight Rigging Systems – Available through ESTA (www.esta.org/tsp) or ANSI, establishes requirements for counterweight rigging

ANSI E1.46-2018 (R2023): Design and Execution of Secondary Means of Suspension – Available through ESTA or ANSI, establishes safety cable and secondary suspension requirements

Entertainment Technician Certification Program (ETCP) – www.etcp.esta.org – Industry certification for theater riggers demonstrating comprehensive knowledge of standards and practices

OSHA Regulations – www.osha.gov – Federal workplace safety requirements including walking-working surfaces, lockout/tagout, and general duty clause

United States Institute for Theatre Technology (USITT) – www.usitt.org – Professional development, publications, and safety resources

ESTA Technical Standards Program – www.esta.org/tsp – Develops and maintains ANSI-accredited standards for entertainment technology; provides technical bulletins and interpretations

Manufacturer Technical Support – Contact lighting fixture manufacturers for specific equipment specifications and mounting requirements

References

American National Standards Institute. (2018). ANSI E1.46-2018 (R2023): Entertainment technology—Design and execution of secondary means of suspension for entertainment technology. ESTA.

American National Standards Institute. (2022a). ANSI E1.4-1-2022: Entertainment technology—Manual counterweight rigging systems. ESTA.

American National Standards Institute. (2022b). ANSI E1.6-1-2022: Entertainment technology—Powered hoist systems. ESTA.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (29 CFR 1910 Subpart D). Walking-working surfaces. U.S. Department of Labor.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (29 CFR 1910.147). The control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout). U.S. Department of Labor.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (29 USC 654). Duties of employers and employees. U.S. Department of Labor.

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